Interest Groups in American Government Essay

Interest groups play an important role in American Government. The large numbers of interest groups present in government represent the reciprocal power and influence that government and business have with one another. This paper will offer reasons why there are so many different interest groups. Interest or lobbying groups provide a means by which â€Å". . . to channel citizens’ concerns to policy makers and administrators (Thomson Nelson). † Interest groups may represent small or large companies, industries, or individual citizens. Due to increased government regulations that affect citizens’ and businesses, interest groups work to make sure the voice of those affected by new laws are heard prior to official legislation or policy being rendered. Interests groups are also large in numbers due to the number of policies that the government is seeking to render. Each policy or bureaucratic legislation the government renders influences a certain sector of society, leading to interest groups trying to influence government policy makers to their favor. Lastly, interest groups are large in numbers due to increased dollars allotted toward funding these lobbying groups. Interest groups have become intricate players for many businesses and are allowed full funding in order to fully advocate for specific interests. In all, interest groups are large influencers in American Government. There are many reasons such as number of policies, increased funding, and increased government regulations that have increased the numbers of interests groups in America today.

The Key to Successful Opinion Essay Writing Samples 4th Grade

The Key to Successful Opinion Essay Writing Samples 4th Grade Opinion Essay Writing Samples 4th Grade - the Conspiracy Writing is given much value in school as it's the bedrock of the other subjects too. Make certain to have everything situated so you're all set to roll whenever your students arrive. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Upper elementary students will profit from reminders on how best to refer to and cite text evidence. The topic can surely be tailored to fit the interests of the students in your region. The Facilitator Guide was made to be employed by means of an administrator, coach or lead teacher to be able to train others in the usage of the FSA writing rubrics to support students' writing. I'd like to hear from Education. A persuasive speech is provided with the intention of persuading the audience to feel a specific method to take a particular action or to support a particular view or cause. Have you got any essays For instance, some folks really hate spiders. Finally, you can't hide from the simple fact you require to compose that paper, so face your fears and begin writing. Although having the ability to write persuasively can look like a tricky thing for children to learn, remind them that everyone has valid opinions. Employing an essay outline makes it possible to organize your thoughts from starting to end and makes sure that you don't leave any essential parts from the middle! Besides helping you organize your thoughts, an essay outline also enables you to plan the distance of your paper. Utilizing an essay outline can help you organize your thoughts so you don't make that mistake. How to compose an expository essay. If you wrtiing a three 5th gradewhile you're drafting your grade you will likely will need to 5th back to a number of the references you. The 4th grade writing curriculum comprises a huge assortment of concepts. Although the rubrics aren't explicitly made to be utilized as instructional resources, the department stipulates the writing rubrics beforehand so that educators can prepare students for the writing section of the TNReady assessment. Third grade is frequently the year when students first start to experiment with structured writing, like the expository essay. At times it's just easier for students to find an example when faced with a very long collection of scoring criteria however kid-friendly it's written. At times the teacher may offer you a list of topics, or you might have to brainstorm ideas. Students also employed the debate section of the on-line difficulties. Before they start to write, it's a good idea for them to make a list of the points they want to make to their readers. Starting now, taking notes are going to be a mainstay of your youngster's education. In the last few years, vending machines and junk food has been eliminated from school cafeterias in order to give healthier food for students. You may decide to only model one or two based on your class. As a result of our thorough writing procedure, you'll also have the ability to score well in your class. Although the span of the topic will mostly depend on the duration of an essay you're going to write, it is is still sensible to choose one specific question and adhere to it in your work. Last, be sure the topic you decide on can be supported by some factual evidence. Evidence in writing works precisely the same way. When choosing a topic, focus on a particular subject. Paragraph one is the point where the fourth-grader sets down his principal topic sentence. Without a whole sentence for the reason, that wouldn't have been possible. A, C, and D aren't the best choices because all of them offer details and specifics rather than establishing a wide summary of the paragraph. Consider how you have heard the expression evidence used. The best thing about this writers-workshop anchor chart, which might be utilized with any elementary grade, is that if you get to number 10, you're all set to go back to number one. This calendar year, your kid's informative writing gets more organized think formatting (such as headers) and illustrations and possibly even multimedia components to support certain points all in an effort to earn your youngster's writing more clear. When you want an example written by means of a student, have a look at our vast assortment of absolutely free student models. Your teacher will likely direct you through this process before y ou know the procedure. Going to school is similar to having a complete time job. Play a favorite song one that the kids might already know. The school day ought to be shorter. An excellent method to school lesson program. This opinion writing unit of study was updated from our original resources which were published a few decades ago. You may reduce the odds by doing your research about the physician and service you may be owning your treatment accomplished at. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. The good thing is that it may be something pretty easy and opinionated (obviously), meaning you won't need to research a great deal of information.

Global Climate Change Essay - 1531 Words

Global Climate Change Climate change is not a new concept; in fact there is evidence of major climate changes throughout the earths history. However since the industrial revolution and especially since world war two, there has been an unprecedented change in the earths atmosphere (Gates 4). As of March 1999, scientists reported the construction of a thousand-year record of the average temperature on earth. The results of their study concluded that a nine hundred-year cooling trend has been decisively reversed within the last fifty years (Bell and Strieber 9-10). The effects of these rapid atmospheric changes are seen in increased storm intensity, rising seas, drier cropland, dying forests and coral reefs, proliferating†¦show more content†¦The Size of the Problem While some scientists disagree about the cause or rate at which the earth is warming, scientific research leads us to believe that the temperature rise is real (Verma 125-127). The global average temperature is predicted to rise som ewhere between 1 and 3.5 Celsius degrees by 2100, according to the rate of carbon emissions and other greenhouse gasses that continue to be emitted (Flavin and Dunn 6). In 1998 the global average temperature exceeded even the most radical global warming models whose predictions were as recent as 1995. 1998 ended up as the warmest year recorded in history until 1999, when it became clear that temperatures were rising much faster than ever expected (Bell and Streiber). Contrary to popular belief the greenhouse effect is not a bad thing. It is completely natural and it is in fact vital to our survival on earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the world would actually be about 33 degrees Celsius colder (Read 28). In recent years however, we have been experiencing too much of a good thing. Greenhouse gasses prevent the suns heat from escaping the earths atmosphere after it enters, making the temperature rise. We base our global warming models on the amount of carbon dioxide and oth er greenhouse gasses humankind is releasing into the air (Bell and Strieber 197). The acceleration of global warming can be linked to an increase in industry, forestShow MoreRelatedClimate Change And Global Change1531 Words   |  7 PagesArroyo, executive director of the Georgetown Climate Center at Georgetown Law. We can t lose another four years, much less eight years (Neuhauser). The next Americans President, experts say, may be the very last who can avert catastrophe from climate change which makes it very important for the next American President to give climate change the top most priority. This requires the Presidential candidates to believe in the danger posed by climate change. In addition to this, it also requires theRead MoreClimate Change Is The Global Climate System1369 Words   |  6 PagesClimate is part of our everyday lives. What we experience is the global climate system. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, climate change is, a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity alters the composition of the atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. (Allen, Seaman Delascio, 2009) Australia’s climate has warmed a lot more since 1910 by the average ofRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pagesreally isn t much of a secret that global climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is something done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate change will only continue to get worse. Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st centuryRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe Global Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effectRead MoreGlobal Warming : A Global Climate Change1457 Words   |  6 Pageshappened by global warming like, increasing the temperature degrees, and melting the snow mountains around the word. However, global warming has played a major role in changing the weather all over the world. The climate change all over the world is a proof that the weather conditions are changing. Global warming has made some of the hottest land cold now and the countries that never had a summer in millenniums are now having sunlight reg ularly. These are the basic changes that signify that global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1354 Words   |  6 PagesIt is becoming a less and less contested issue that global climate change is a significant issue. When the idea of global warming first burst onto the main stage in the late 20th century, a majority of Americans were skeptical. Many of the predictions that the original scientists made proved to be incorrect, and often the scientific methods the scientists used were faulty. Since the early stages though, the science behind global climate change has gotten better. We now have more data and better modelsRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1139 Words   |  5 Pages The topic of global climate change has been a much debated topic over the years. There is no real scientific consensus on global warming. However, much destruction has happened to the earth that questions the scientific or empirical link between extreme weather and global climate change. There are a lot of events that happens around the globe such as floods, increased precipitation, sea-level rise, and hurricanes that questions the theory of global climate change. Without any clear cut evidenceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1531 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last twenty years, the issues surrounding global climate change have become increasingly dominant in the international community, as the implications associated with the global issue pose many threats to the environment and humanity as a whole. Beginning in the 1970’s, scientific research regarding pollution led scientists to discover that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) where destroying the ozone layer , posing threats to plant and animal life, and humans as a rise in skin cancer followed. LuckilyRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1565 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming and global climate change has been a consistent news headline and global topic for the past two decades. From a political standpoint, there has been great debate as to whether or not humans are completely to blame, partially to blame, or to blame at all for the changes we are seeing in the Earth’s climate. However, from a scientific perspective, this is not the case. From the Kyoto Protocol, to dummy-downed explanation like in Al Gore’s â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†, to NASA’s comprehensiveRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Climate Change Currently, when human life is growing, human activities play an impact on the environment and climate, which leads to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and therefore remains a huge challenge for life on Earth. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it change? Climate change is caused by natural causes or by humans which possibly fluctuates the cycle of change in weather and climate. The specific expression that we often hear about

Group Is A Friend Of Everyone - 904 Words

When I think about groups I could belong to, it brings up points that would prevent me from actually being able to say that I am part of that group. When I thought about my characteristics, I found that one group really defines me. And the group is being called a Friend of Everyone. It isn’t a real, classified group. However, I know many people whose characteristics follow what I believe is what can prove you could belong to this group. A Friend of Everyone shows that they’re some of the nicest, most caring people you can ever encounter. This doesn’t mean having someone say â€Å"Yeah, I have lots of friends†, however they only stick to a certain gender and certain identical topic. One characteristic that a Friend of Everyone would possess is the fact that they would not judge you, or not be friends with you, because of race, gender, religion, or anything that makes you unique in a good or bad way. I, and many other people I know, are just like this. I hav e many friends who are completely different than me when it comes to ethnicity, or gender. Once, I made friends with a girl who a lot of people avoided. I felt like she needed a friend, and she did. She felt a lot better after I became friends with her, and I didn’t avoid her because she was a girl, or avoided by popular people. Another time, I became friends with a group of people in my school who were of a different race. They were curious why I was doing this, at first. But, later they accepted me and I had more friends toShow MoreRelatedMy transition into college. Describe a big change in your life.660 Words   |  3 PagesMy Transition into College My transition into college was into college was a big change for me. I went from living comfortably at home with my group of friends that I’ve made over many years to going to new place where I knew nobody. This is a big change for anyone. I remember the summer after graduation, the last summer that all my friends would all be together before we all left to college. The summer went by so quickly and we had a lot of fun hanging out. It really didn’t hit anyoneRead MoreEssay on Self Evaluation on Group Discussion681 Words   |  3 PagesThe group discussion has just passed, and it was really a hard work and challenging. There were many precious lessons I got, and, hopefully, so did with my friends. Our group was consisting of four students. As a quantity, reasonably, we had had enough power to do a better work and gained a satisfying result. As I flashed back to the group discussion, it was enriching my memories. Some were in high spirit, remarkable and enjoyable. Opposite to it, few were disappointing. I still rememberedRead MoreThe Inner Ring Of Inner Rings967 Words   |  4 Pages Ever wanted to be in that special group of people that are popular, good looking, smart, and athletic? Everyone has wanted to be in that group at one point in their lives. If you didn’t want to be in it, you were probably a member already. Inner Rings are groups formed solely, or primarily with a sake of excluding others. Inner rings are basically groups that do their best to exclude everyone they don’t like, and only accept the most perfect candidates. We didn’t get introduced to these â€Å"innerRead MoreEssay On The Breakfast Club1072 Words   |  5 Pagesyour friends at school. A social group is a group of two or more people who all share a common interest. A social group can range from being a group of athletes, people who enjoy the same video games, and even people who carpool together. Majority of the population belongs to a social group, they might not even know it. S ocial groups come natural, and often form unintentionally. There will always be someone out there that shares your likes and dislikes. Due to that, the idea of social groups willRead MoreSocial Psychology: Social Influence768 Words   |  3 Pagesfeelings are influenced by other people or social groups. â€Å"Social influence can be seen in our conformity, our obedience to authority, and our group behavior† (Psychology 579). Social influence may also be represented by peer pressure, persuasion, marketing and sales. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine how effective social influence is on a group. I will do two different trials in this study. I will give each of my friends a sheet of paper and see how well they can guessRead MoreWhat Is Your First Recollection About Your Cultural Background Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagescultural background started in junior high school because this is when people start fitting into groups or cliques and people tend to be in groups with their friends. The different types of groups included the preps, jocks, band geeks, hoods, druggies, and bookworms to name a few examples. Of course, I was not into sports so much or band, however, I fit with many different groups because I had friends that belonged to different things, however, I was more of a bookworm because I was concerned aboutRead MoreAmerican Culture And Ruth s Irish Culture922 Words   |  4 Pagesprocedures and conflict-avoidance behaviors† (Ting-Toomey Chung, p. 50). , which is somethin g the United States culture is not known for. However, upon reflecting on the conversation that Ruth and I shared with our friend, neither of us openly demonstrated how uncomfortable we were with our friends bragging. We preferred instead to preform face-saving motions, like congratulating them and acting interested. I think that sometimes our own personality and experiences can cause us to act in ways that mayRead MoreTwo Different Types Of Friends995 Words   |  4 Pages As we grow older, we find friends to discover the new stages of life with. Those same friends help define who we are as people. There are five different types of friends that will come and go in our lives. They are wild, dependable, lucky, chill, and funny. All of them add up to one amazing group of best friends. First up is the wild one. They always seems to be getting into trouble. Every once in a while a party opportunity comes up. The wild one takes the first chance they get to go. TheyRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Weekend At Lollapalooza1454 Words   |  6 Pagesbe saying those words to my best friend during our senior study hall. We were about to get three day passes to one of the most popular summer music festivals of all time: Lollapalooza. My weekend at Lollapalooza was unlike anything I had ever experienced. My friends and I had no idea what we were getting ourselves in to, but whatever it was we were ready for it. That first day was really just about exploring and trying to get a feel for the festival. The first group we watched was a band called MisterwivesRead MoreFinding Your Place in High School828 Words   |  4 Pagestrying just as hard to fit in with the â€Å"in crowd.† You use more energy trying to â€Å"fit in,† instead of just spending all your energy on being who you really are. A group of friends are suppose to have things in common, but that is hard when everyone is putting up a fake persona. It is the student body’s responsibility to make sure that everyone has a place they can fit in and be themselves. People spend their whole lives trying to â€Å"fit in,† while the people who â€Å"stand out† are the ones who become something

Cba 300 Ch 1 Notes Free Essays

CBA 300—Section 01 ? Dr. Sam Min CBA353 ? Office Hours: Friday 8:00am – 10:00am ? Read your text book first, come take notes, and read newspapers ? Tests are straightforward, text, weakly reading, and lectures TEST 1 September 14 Chapters 1, 2, 3 TEST 2 October 5 Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 TEST 3 October 26 Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11 TEST 4 November 16 Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 FINAL Final Week Chapters 16, 17, 18 Assignments in-class activities Total (50 points) (50 points) (50 points) (50 points) (50 points) (30 points) 280 points CBA 300—Section 01 †¢ The grading system will be as follows: Total points Possible: 280 252 and more = A 224 to 251 = B 196 to 223 = C 168 to 195 = D Less than 167 = F 2 3 ASSIGNMENTS 1-5 Please read any article of your interest, which is related to International Business and (1) summarize the article (1/2 page) and (2) discuss what you learned from reading the article (1/2 page). †¢ Do not write more than 1 page. We will write a custom essay sample on Cba 300 Ch 1 Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Use 12 font size, 1. 5 spaced, 1-inch margins, and Times New Roman. This assignment is worth maximum 4 points. Due is on each testing date! 4 Chapter 1 – The Challenging World of International Business International Business 13e by Ball, Geringer, McNett, and Minor 5 Why you need global business perspective? †¢ â€Å"Having a foreign perspective gives you an advantage not only for doing business outside U. S. but domestically, where we have the most diverse society in the world. † – Carlos Gutierrez, the CEO of Kellogg US 35th Secretary of Commerce 6 CEOs of Fortune’s larges American corporations strongly believe: (1) An international orientation should be an important part of college business education (2) International business skills and knowledge were important not merely for promotion to senior executive positions, but also for appointment to entry-level positions, and across a broad array of functional as well as cross-functional areas (3) The above two points are even more important for those anticipating international activities increase in the next five years. 7 My suggestions 1) Take IB course(s) (2) Consider going overseas (exchange program, intern, English teacher, volunteer, mission, etc. ) (3) Learn foreign language 8 Topics †¢ What is international business? †¢ IB Concepts and seven dimensions for globalizing a business †¢ What is different about international business? †¢ Growth of international firms and IB †¢ What is globalization? †¢ The drivers of globalization 9 What is In ternational Business? †¢ International Business (IB): any business transaction across national borders – Trade in goods – Cross-border services ? consulting, advertising, egal, financial, accounting ? tourism, banking, communications/media, construction management, etc. †¢ Company activity inputs may involve IB activity even if outputs do not – Firm’s revenues may come entirely from the home country – Key raw materials, knowledge, processes may come partially or entirely from other countries Concepts of International Companies A Multidomestic Company has multi-country affiliates, each of which formulates its own business strategy based on perceived market difference A Global Company attempts to standardize and integrate operations worldwide in all functional areas. 1 The 7 Dimensions for Globalizing a Business 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1-12 Product Markets Promotion Where value is added Competitive strategy Use of non-home-country personnel Ex tent of global ownership in firm What is Different about International Business? International Business †¢ deals with 3 environmental forces: 1. Domestic 2. Foreign 3. International Domestic Business †¢ deals with the domestic market †¢ But†¦may face foreign competition in domestic market 1-13 Why is International Business Different? : Forces in the Environment ? Environmental forces can be classified as external or internal. †¢ External forces are uncontrollable, but perhaps can be influenced by mgmt. †¢ Internal forces are controllable by mgmt, but not completely. 14 External Forces †¢ Competitive – Kind, number, location †¢ Distributive – For distributing goods and services †¢ Economic – GNP, unit labor cost, personal consumption expenditure †¢ Socioeconomic – Characteristics of human population †¢ Financial – Interest rates, inflation rates, taxation 15 External Forces, cont’d. Legal – Laws governing how international firms must operate †¢ Physical – Topography, climate, and natural resources †¢ Political – Forms of government, and international organizations †¢ Sociocultural – Attitudes, beliefs, and opinions †¢ Labor – Skills, attitudes of labor †¢ Technological – Equipment and skills that affec t how resources are converted to products 16 Internal Environmental Forces †¢ Factors of Production – Capital, raw materials, and people †¢ Activities of the organization – Personnel, finance, production, and marketing 17 Explosive Growth †¢ Exporting – transportation of any domestic good/service to a destination outside a country or region – The level of world merchandise exports increased from $2 trillion (1980) to $15. 24 trillion (2010). – Service $365 billion (1980) to $3. 7 trillion (2010). 18 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2000-2007 2000-07 World merchandise exports Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures 5. 5 4. 0 3. 5 6. 5 2005 6. 5 6. 0 3. 5 7. 5 2006 8. 5 6. 0 3. 5 10. 0 2007 6. 0 4. 5 3. 0 7. 5 World merchandise production Agriculture Mining Manufacturing World GDP 3. 0 2. 5 1. 5 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 5 4. 0 3. 0 3. 0 1. 5 1. 0 4. 0 3. 5 4. 0 2. 5 0. 0 5. 0 3. 5 Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP. 19 Growth in volume of world merchandise trade and GDP, 2000-11 (Annual % change) Source: WTO 2011a: Figures of 2011 are projections 20 Explosive Growth ? Foreign Direct Investment – Direct investment in equipment, structures, and organizations in a foreign country †¢ level sufficient to obtain significant anagement control – World stock of outward FDI was $19 trillion at the beginning of 2010 (9 times larger than what it was in 1990). 21 Number of International Companies †¢ Keeps expanding and the big get bigger. – ExxonMobil sales for 2011: $486 billion – Wal-Mart sales revenue for 2011: $446 billion 22 Globalization †¢ the process of transformation of local or regi onal things or phenomena into global ones. – Technological globalization – Political globalization – Economic globalization – Cultural globalization 23 Globalization Economic Globalization – is the international integration of goods, technology, labor, and capital. – refers to the implementation of global strategies which link and coordinate a firm’s international activities on a worldwide basis. 24 Drivers of Globalization †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Political Drivers Technological Drivers Market Drivers Cost Drivers Competitive Drivers 1-25 Political – There is a trend toward the unification and socialization of the global community. – NAFTA and the European Union present significant marketing opportunities for companies. the progressive reduction of barriers to trade and foreign investment by most governments. – the privatization of much of the industry in formerly communist nations. 26 Technology à ¢â‚¬â€œ Advancements in computers and communication technology are permitting an increased flow of ideas and information across borders. †¢ The Internet and network computing enable small companies to compete globally. †¢ Business to business commerce is experiencing significant savings by using the Internet for business exchanges. †¢ Foreign outsourcing more and more common 27 Globalization Forces Market – As companies globalize, they also become global customers. †¢ Companies follow customers abroad in order to avoid a competitor stealing the account. – The saturation of the home market also sends companies into foreign markets. – Emergence of global customers 28 Cost – Economies of scale to reduce unit cost are always a management goal. †¢ Globalizing product lines to reduce development, production, and inventory costs can help achieve economies of scale. †¢ Companies can also locate production in countries where productio n costs are lower. 29 Competitive – Competition continues to increase in intensity. – Companies are defending their home markets from competitors by entering the competitors’ home markets to distract them. 30 Views On Globalization Arguments Supporting Globalization †¢ Enhances socioeconomic development Concerns with Globalization †¢ Uneven results across nations and people †¢ Promotes more and better jobs †¢ †¢ Deleterious effects on labor and labor standards Decline in environmental and health conditions 1-31 $1. 25 per Euro Crude Oil ($94. 61) Gold ($1,653. 5) Corn ($8. 10 per bushel) How to cite Cba 300 Ch 1 Notes, Essay examples

Ceramics Essay Example For Students

Ceramics Essay Introduction First we will start with the definition of refractories and ceramics. Refractories and ceramics are non-metallic materials capable of maintaining physical and chemical stability at high temperatures. Refractories in modern practice are usually ceramic in nature, and are used in a wide variety of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Wherever an industrial process involves heat in excess of 700 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit roughly, one will find refractory material in place, either as a lining or forming the process vessel itself. Some common process vessels using refractories are; boiler combustion chambers, furnaces like the one in the foundry, incinerators, many emission control scrubbers, rotary kilns and so on. The list is by know means exhaustive. For example, Launch Pads 39A and 39B at the Kennedy Space Center are refractory lined. The shuttles themselves are lined with ceramic tiles to protect them from the heat of re-entry into earths atmosphere, these tiles are! unique to the shuttle, but are non-metallic and heat resistant. The Making of Refractory Materials Chart # 1 The first step in processing ceramics is crushing of the raw materials. Crushing is usually done in a ball mill, either wet or dry. Wet crushing is more effective because it keeps the particles together and prevents the suspension of fine particles in air. The ground particles are then mixed with additives, the functions of which are one or more of the following: 1. Binder for the ceramic particles 2. Lubrication for mold release and to reduce internal friction between particles 3. Wetting agent to improve mixing 4. Plasticizer to make the mix more plastic and formable. 5. Various agents to control foaming and sintering. 6. De-flocculent to make ceramic-water suspension. De-flocculention changes the electrical charges on the clay particles so that they repel instead of attract each other. Next, its time to begin the casting process. The shaping process for refractories are casting plastic forming and pressing. The most common casting process is slip casting. The slip is poured into a porous mold made usually of plaster of paris. Then inverted and the remaining suspension is poured out for making hollow object much like slush casting. The part is then trimmed the mold opened and the part removed. The second process of shaping ceramics is plastic forming. We have various methods of plastic forming such as extrusion, injection molding and jiggering. Plastic forming tends to orient the layered structure of clays along the direction of material flow. This leads to anisotrophic behavior of the material, both in subsequent processing and in the final properties of the ceramic product. In extrusion, the clay mixture is forced through a die opening. The cross section of the extruded product is constant, and there are limitations to wall thickness for hollow extrusions. Finally the third process in shaping ceramics is pressing. Dry pressing is used for relatively simple shapes. this process has high production rates and close control of tolerances. Dies are usually made of carbides or hardened steel. However the dies can be quite expensive as the must have a high wear resistance from the abrasive ceramic tiles. Wet pressing is used to make very complex shapes. Production rates are high but part size is limited, dimensional control is difficult because shrinking during drying, and tooling can be expensive. The third type of pressing is isostatic pressing mainly used to produce spark plug insulators, silicon nitride vanes for high temperature and so on. Isostatic pressing allows one to obtain uniform density distribution throughout a part. Finally we have hot pressing which combines pressure and temperature. The die life is short as a result of the temperature, and usually protective atmospheres are used along with graphite materials used in ! the punch and die materials. One example of a hot pressing part is the vane for a gas turbine engine in a jet airplane. Finally, after the part has been cast in anyone of our methods above we begin drying and firing the part to give it strength. Drying is very critical as the part may want to warp and crack from variations in moisture and thickness within the part and the complexity of the shape. Control of atmospheric humidity and temperature is very important to avoid warping and cracking. Next, the part must be fired, this is where the part gains its strength and hardness. The improvement in the properties result from a development of a strong bond between the complex oxide particles in the ceramic and b reduced porosity. After firing, additional operations may be performed to give the part its final shape, remove surface flaws, and improve the surface of the finish and tolerances. Processes used include; grinding, lapping, and ultrasonic, chemical and electrical-discharge machining. The finer the finish the higher the parts strength will be. Most product are finally given a glossy coating with a glaze material the improve appearance, strength once again and to make them impermeable. Structure of Refractories Materials A refractory is a type of ceramic so Ill refer to ceramics once again. he structure of a ceramic crystal is among the most complex of all materials, containing various elements of different sizes. The Oldest Ceramics EssayTensile strength of a polycrystalline ceramic parts increases with decreasing grain size. Also, tensile strength and modulus elasticity are both affect by porosity in the ceramic. Although there are exceptions and unlike most metals and thermoplastics, ceramics generally lack impact toughness and thermal shock resistance because of their inherent lack of ductility. Once, initiated, a crack propagates rapidly. In addition to undergoing fatigue failure under cyclic loading, ceramics exhibit a phenomenon known as static fatigue. When subjected to a static tensile load over a period of time the ceramic will eventually fail. This occurs in environment where water vapor is present. Ceramic components that are to be subjected to tensile stresses may be prestressed, much like prestressed concrete. Some methods include: a Heat treatment and chemical tempering b Laser treatment of surfaces c Coating with ceramics with different thermal expansion coefficients d Surface finishing operations Significant advances are being made in improving the toughness and the properties of ceramics which include; control of purity and structure, use of reinforcements, emphasis on design of advanced methods of stress analysis in ceramic components, and the processing of raw materials. Physical properties include a relatively low specific gravity, high melting or decomposition temperature, thermal conductivity varies as much as three orders in magnitude, depending on their composition. Thermal conductivity of ceramics, as well as other materials, decreases with increasing temperature and porosity because air is a poor thermal conductor. Some thermal expansion Characteristics or shown on Chart#2. Chart # 2 Thermal expansion and thermal conductivity induce thermal stresses that can lead to thermal shock or thermal fatigue. The tendency for thermal cracking is lower with low thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity. A familiar example for low thermal expansion is the heat resistant ceramics for cookware and stove tops. Ceramics can be made conductive by adding alloys to them, thus making the ceramic act as a semi-conductor or even a super-conductor. Applications Chart #3 Chart # 3 shows some common examples of ceramics. Several ceramics are used in the electrical and electronics industry because of there high electrical resistivity, dielectric strength voltage required for electrical breakdown per unit thickness, and magnetic properties suitable for applications such as magnets for speakers. The ability for ceramics to maintain their strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures makes them very attractive for high temperature applications. Their high resistance to wear makes the very attractive to make cylinder liners, bushings, seals and bearings. Their high operating temperatures made possible by the use of ceramic components means more efficient fuel burning and less emissions in engines. Currently, internal combustion engines are 30% effective, but with the use of ceramics they can become another 30% efficient. Other attractive applications of ceramics lie with their low density and high elastic modulus. Thus engine weight can be reduced, in other applications, the internal forces generated by moving parts can be lowered. Ceramic turbochargers, for example, are about 40% lighter than conventional ones. The higher elastic modulus of ceramics makes them attractive for improving stiffness, while reducing the weight, of machines. Ceramics are being used successfully in gasoline and diesel engines components and rotors which are made of silicon nitride and silicon carbide. Coating metal with ceramics is another application, may be done to reduce wear, prevent corrosion, and provide a thermal barrier. The tiles ion the shuttles, for example, are made of silica fibers with an open cellular structure that consist of 5% silica. The rest of the tile structure is air, thus making the tile not only very lightweight but also an excellent heat barrier The skin temperature on the shuttle reaches 1400 degrees due to frictional heat with the atmosphere. Ceramics can also be used as coating for high temperature applications. Characteristics such as thermal and electrical insulation, particularly at elevated temperatures, can be imparted on these products by ceramic coatings rather than imparting these properties to the base metals or materials themselves. Ceramic coatings are used in wide variety of purposes as shown on Chart # 4 Chart #4 Conclusion The subject of ceramics is very broad and I have only given a specialized area some serious consideration. Ceramics are around us everyday with almost all things we use. When dealing with extreme temperatures ceramics are needed in some way shape or form. We covered many applications for ceramics, their properties, and most of why we need them in the industry.

Napster Essays (685 words) - Metallica, Napster,

Napster The Napster Revolution Have you ever listened to your favorite song on the radio and recorded it? I remember when I would sit next to the radio and listen to it for hours at-a-time, just so that I could record my favorite songs off the radio. Now with computers and the Internet, I would go all over the Internet to look for songs, but only some of the time I was successful. Then I ran into a program called Napster, which made my music search much easier. Have you ever download free music off the Internet? Statistics say that 59% of people that download free music from the Internet, end up buying the music. Recently, there was a lawsuit made by the Recording Industry Association of America towards Napster concerning copyright issues, which in return had Napster rethinking its principles. Then in July of this year, a federal court judge ordered Napster to halt the trading of copyrighted material, but the decision was stayed. Napster has responded by saying that it is supporting music by bringing together more than 6 million users a day, whom all support Napster .By downloading free music over the internet, people support artists by liking their music. How Internet music sharing works. In order to start downloading music, people first must start by getting the program Napster. When this program is installed in the computer, its starts working by connecting to the Internet and creating a list of mp3 files available in the users computer, which in return sends it to the main Napster computer. When someone searches for a particular song the list of that song comes up with all available matches, and then the person can choose the one to download. After this, the users computer then connects to the other partys computer and commences the transfer. To what extent does music sharing break the law? The real theft is taking place when people sell discs online that they have made of bootlegged songs, not when someone listens for his own enjoyment. The issues surrounding digital music to swipe or not to swipe are not legal or even technological so much as they are ethical. So what if Napster is shut down? Tons of new schemes have already come online that allow people to trade songs pretty easily and unlike with Napster, there is no one to sue. There's even a promising underground technology called Aimster that allows the 61 million users of AOL's Instant Messenger to swap music, only untraceably, with the people on their buddy lists. How much of a crime can it be if you're doing it with a buddy? Why we should use it? When we buy a Compact Disc, we own it, we are free to do whatever we like with it, and it can be shared with our friends; so why cant we share our favorite songs with the world. Using Napster supports many artists who believe that this is an innovative way to share music. Here is what artists think about Napster: I believe that artists should welcome Napster. We should think of it as a new kind of radio a promotional tool that can help artists who don't have the opportunity to get their music played on mainstream radio or on MTV. CHUCK D Why aren't record companies embracing this great opportunity? Why aren't they trying to talk to the kids passing compilations around to learn what they like? COURTNEY LOVE In the end, when downloading music, a person is not doing anything illegal, just sharing his/her favorite music with the world. While at the same time supporting the artists by having their music. OUTLINE: Napster Revolution THESIS: By downloading free music over the Internet, people support artists by liking the music. I. Introduction II. How Internet music sharing works a. Getting the program b. Using the program c. Searching for music III. Is it illegal? a. Recording bootleg CDs and selling on the Internet b. Other ways/programs IV. Why we should use it? a. Free to-do-so b. Supported by artistes i. Chuck D ii. Courtney Love V. Conclusion Social Issues